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Humorystyczne szyldy uliczne w Tainan: analiza krajobrazu językowego
Kontakt: Eryk Hajndrych
SOCJOLINGWISTYKA,
Tom 39 Nr 1 (2025): Socjolingwistyka
Abstrakt
Niniejsze badanie podejmuje analizę humorystycznych szyldów ulicznych w Tainan – mieście o statusie specjalnej jednostki administracyjnej w południowym Tajwanie, powszechnie postrzeganym jako jedno z najstarszych miast kraju oraz istotny ośrodek dziedzictwa kulturowego i lokalnej pamięci historycznej. Wychodząc od założeń krajobrazu językowego (linguistic landscape), badanie koncentruje się na tym, w jaki sposób humor zostaje wkomponowany w przestrzeń publiczną oraz jak odzwierciedla relacje między językiem, kulturą a lokalną tożsamością. Materiał empiryczny, zebrany w sierpniu i wrześniu 2024 roku, obejmuje łącznie 173 fotograficzne zapisy humorystycznych szyldów, które następnie poddano analizie pod kątem zastosowanych strategii humoru i ich osadzenia w szerszym kontekście społeczno-kulturowym oraz językowym. Wyniki wskazują, iż humorystyczne komunikaty obecne w przestrzeni Tainan najczęściej opierają się na kreatywnym wykorzystaniu homofonii. Zidentyfikowano dwa główne typy tego rodzaju gry językowej. Pierwszy obejmuje humor onomastyczny, bazujący na nazwach własnych (osób, instytucji, miejsc, marek itp.). Drugi typ odnosi się do humoru nieonomastycznego, który wykorzystuje homofonię w odniesieniu do przekleństw, wyrażeń tabu, formuł językowych, zapożyczeń fonetycznych, dwuznaczności gramatycznych czy form adresatywnych. Częste współwystępowanie tajwańskiego hokkien, mandaryńskiego i języków obcych tworzy zlokalizowany krajobraz językowy o cechach glokalnych, w którym lokalna mowa funkcjonuje obok wpływów globalnych. Humor często wynika z kontrastu między kolokwialnym, niekiedy postrzeganym jako wulgarny, tajwańskim hokkien a bardziej oficjalnymi rejestrami językowymi, co prowadzi do komicznego efektu wynikającego z ich lingwistycznej nieadekwatności. Dominacja gier słownych i językowej dezynwoltury znajduje odzwierciedlenie w pojęciu „karnawałowości językowej” Bakhtina (1984 [1965]), w której język burzy porządek norm i hierarchii. Humorystyczne szyldy w Tainan stanowią zatem nie tylko narzędzie marketingu, lecz także wyraz kulturowej ekspresji, będący formą sprzeciwu wobec formalnych porządków językowych i społecznych, a zarazem świadectwem lokalnej kreatywności, dystansu i tożsamości.
Słowa kluczowe
- Ang, U. 2019a. Táiwān Yǔyán-de Fēnlèi yǔ Fēnqū: Lǐlùn yǔ Fāngfǎ (Táiwān Shèhuì Yǔyán Dìlǐxué Yánjiù, Vol. 1) [Classification and Regionalization of Languages in Taiwan: Theories and Methodologies (Studies on Social Language Geography of Taiwan, Vol. 1)]. Taipei: Avanguard Publishing House.
- Ang, U. 2019b. Táiwān Yǔyán Dìtújí (Táiwān Shèhuì Yǔyán Dìlǐxué Yánjiù, Vol. 2) [Language Atlas of Taiwan (Studies on Social Language Geography of Taiwan, Vol. 2)]. Taipei: Avanguard Publishing House.
- Attardo, S. 2020. The Linguistics of Humor: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Bakhtin, M. 1984 [1965]. Rabelais and His World, trans. Hélène Iswolsky. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
- Barnard, M. 2011. “The Breaking of a Taboo? The Musealisation of Adolf Hitler and the Changing Relationship between the Former Führer and Germany”. Austausch, 1(2): 70–97.
- Braun, F. 1988. Terms of Address: Problems of Patterns and Usage in Various Languages and Cultures. Berlin/Boston, MA: De Gruyter Mouton.
- Chen, L.-C. 2016. “A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis of Wúlítóu ‘Nonsense’ in Taiwanese Verbal Interactions”. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics, 12(1): 53–76.
- Chen, L.-C. 2017. Taiwanese and Polish Humor: A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Chen, L.-C. 2022. “Humour and Teasing in Gay Taiwanese Men’s Mediatised Interaction on an LGBTQ-Oriented YouTube Entertainment Variety Show”. Gender and Language, 16(4): 408–434.
- Chen, L.-C., A. Sroka-Grądziel, F.-L. Lee, & E. Hajndrych. 2021. “Wit and Humor in Chinese Characters: A Socio-Cultural and Historical Perspective”. Socjolingwistyka, 35: 41–54.
- Coulmas, F. 2009. “Linguistic Landscaping and the Seed of the Public Sphere”. In: Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery, eds. E. Shohamy & D. Gorter. New York/London: Routledge, 13–24.
- Douglas, M. 1968. “The Social Control of Cognition: Some Factors in Joke Perception”. Man, 3(3): 361–376.
- Dunkling, L. 1990. A Dictionary of Epithets and Terms of Address. London: Routledge.
- Fijalkowski, A. 2014. “The Criminalisation of Symbols of the Past: Expression, Law and Memory”. International Journal of Law in Context, 10(3): 295–314.
- Hajndrych, E. Under review. “Delving into the Whimsical Charm of Tainan: A Linguistic Landscape Analysis of Humorous Street Signage That Goes Beyond Homophony”. Manuscript under review.
- Hall, K. 2019. “Middle Class Timelines: Ethnic Humor and Sexual Modernity in Delhi”. Language in Society, 48(4): 491–517.
- Ho, H.-H., P. Khng, & Ú.-G. Iûⁿ. 2018. Khòaⁿ Khan-Páng: Guǎnggào Zhāopái-de Táiyǔ Dàxuéwèn [Investigating Signboards: Taiwanese Hokkien in Advertising Signboards]. Taipei: Avanguard Publishing House.
- Kałużyńska, I. 2018. “Substitution by Homophones in Chinese and Changes to Old Street Names in Beijing After 1949”. Onomastica: A Journal Devoted to Theory and Interpretation of Proper Names, 62: 273–280.
- Koestler, A. 1964. The Act of Creation. London: Hutchinson.
- Landry, R., & R. Y. Bourhis. 1997. “Linguistic Landscape and Ethnolinguistic Vitality: An Empirical Study”. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16(1): 23–49.
- Liu, B. 2024. “Stance and Construction of Persona in Live-Streaming”. Media and Communication Research, 5(1): 187–196.
- Liu, W.-L. (ed.). 2016. Táiwèizhì: Zānghuà [Tai-Way Magazine: Profanity], Vol. 2. Taipei: THAT iS CREATIVE & BRANDING.
- Liu, Y., & M. Liu. 2024. “The Interactive Effect of Affectionate Nicknames and Streamer Type on Streamer Attitude in E-Commerce Live Streaming: The Mediating Role of Psychological Closeness”. Frontiers in Psychology, 15: 1498235.
- Lu, Q. 2022. A Phonological Study on English Loanwords in Mandarin Chinese. Ph.D. dissertation. New South Wales: Western Sydney University.
- Lu, Z. 1956. “Hànyǔ de Bìnglì Sìzìgé [Chinese Quadrisyllabic Expressions]”. Yǔyán Yánjiū [Studies in Language and Linguistics], 1: 45–82.
- Mundorf, J., & G.-M. Chen. 2006. “Transculturation of Visual Signs: A Case Analysis of the Swastika”. Intercultural Communication Studies, 15(2): 33–47.
- Pennycook, A. 2024. “The City”. In: The Bloomsbury Handbook of Linguistic Landscapes, eds. R. Blackwood, S. Tufi, & W. Amos. London / New York / Dublin: Bloomsbury Academic, 155–170.
- Pinker, S. 2008. The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature. London: Penguin Books.
- Rowlett, B. J. L., & C. Go. 2024. “‘The Amazingly Fabulous Tuk Tuk Race’: Mobility and Carnival Praxis in the Semiotic Landscape of Phnom Penh Pride”. Social Semiotics, 24(3): 430–448.
- Rowlett, B. J. L., P. Saisuwan, C. Go, L.-C. Chen, & M. Hiramoto. 2025. Pride in Asia: Negotiating Ideologies, Localness, and Alternative Futures (Elements in Language, Gender and Sexuality). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Shao, J. 2016. Xiàndài Hànyǔ Tōnglùn [A General Introduction to Modern Chinese Language]. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House.
- Sloboda, M. 2024. “Multilingualism”. In: The Bloomsbury Handbook of Linguistic Landscapes, eds. R. Blackwood, S. Tufi, & W. Amos. London / New York / Dublin: Bloomsbury Academic, 317–333.
- Spolsky, B. 2020. “Linguistic Landscape: The Semiotics of Public Signage”. Linguistic Landscape: An International Journal, 6(1): 2–15.
- Su, H.-Y. 2008. “What Does It Mean to Be a Girl with Qizhi?: Refinement, Gender and Language Ideologies in Contemporary Taiwan”. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 12(3): 334–358.
- Thaler, V. 2016. “Varieties of Wordplay”. In: Crossing Languages to Play with Words: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, eds. S. Knospe, A. Onysko, & M. Goth. Berlin: De Gruyter, 47–62.
- Tusk, J. 2024. “A Polish Borough? The Linguistic Landscape of Ealing and Its Relationship with the Sense of Identity of Polish Immigrants”. Socjolingwistyka, 38: 159–174.
- Yang, S. 2009. “Purely Linguistic Taboo/Good Luck Language and Its Impact on Behaviours in China”. RASK: International Journal of Language and Communication, 30: 83–110.
- Ye, Z. 2013. “Understanding the Conceptual Basis of the ‘Old Friend’ Formula in Chinese Social Interaction and Foreign Diplomacy: A Cultural Script Approach”. Australian Journal of Linguistics, 33(3): 368–385.
- Ye, Z. 2017. “The Semantics of Social Relation Nouns in Chinese”. In: The Semantics of Nouns, ed. Z. Ye. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 63–88.
- Zhu, D. 1980. Xiàndài Hànyǔ Yǔfǎ Yánjiù [A Study of Modern Chinese Grammar]. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
- Žalimas, D. 2015. “International and National Legal Assessment of Crimes Committed by the Communist Regimes: Lithuanian Case Study”. In: Transitional Criminal Justice in Post-Dictatorial and Post-Conflict Societies (Series on Transitional Justice), eds. A. Fijalkowski & R. Grosescu. Cambridge / Antwerp / London: Intersentia, 231–272.
Referencje
Ang, U. 2019a. Táiwān Yǔyán-de Fēnlèi yǔ Fēnqū: Lǐlùn yǔ Fāngfǎ (Táiwān Shèhuì Yǔyán Dìlǐxué Yánjiù, Vol. 1) [Classification and Regionalization of Languages in Taiwan: Theories and Methodologies (Studies on Social Language Geography of Taiwan, Vol. 1)]. Taipei: Avanguard Publishing House.
Ang, U. 2019b. Táiwān Yǔyán Dìtújí (Táiwān Shèhuì Yǔyán Dìlǐxué Yánjiù, Vol. 2) [Language Atlas of Taiwan (Studies on Social Language Geography of Taiwan, Vol. 2)]. Taipei: Avanguard Publishing House.
Attardo, S. 2020. The Linguistics of Humor: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bakhtin, M. 1984 [1965]. Rabelais and His World, trans. Hélène Iswolsky. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Barnard, M. 2011. “The Breaking of a Taboo? The Musealisation of Adolf Hitler and the Changing Relationship between the Former Führer and Germany”. Austausch, 1(2): 70–97.
Braun, F. 1988. Terms of Address: Problems of Patterns and Usage in Various Languages and Cultures. Berlin/Boston, MA: De Gruyter Mouton.
Chen, L.-C. 2016. “A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis of Wúlítóu ‘Nonsense’ in Taiwanese Verbal Interactions”. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics, 12(1): 53–76.
Chen, L.-C. 2017. Taiwanese and Polish Humor: A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Chen, L.-C. 2022. “Humour and Teasing in Gay Taiwanese Men’s Mediatised Interaction on an LGBTQ-Oriented YouTube Entertainment Variety Show”. Gender and Language, 16(4): 408–434.
Chen, L.-C., A. Sroka-Grądziel, F.-L. Lee, & E. Hajndrych. 2021. “Wit and Humor in Chinese Characters: A Socio-Cultural and Historical Perspective”. Socjolingwistyka, 35: 41–54.
Coulmas, F. 2009. “Linguistic Landscaping and the Seed of the Public Sphere”. In: Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery, eds. E. Shohamy & D. Gorter. New York/London: Routledge, 13–24.
Douglas, M. 1968. “The Social Control of Cognition: Some Factors in Joke Perception”. Man, 3(3): 361–376.
Dunkling, L. 1990. A Dictionary of Epithets and Terms of Address. London: Routledge.
Fijalkowski, A. 2014. “The Criminalisation of Symbols of the Past: Expression, Law and Memory”. International Journal of Law in Context, 10(3): 295–314.
Hajndrych, E. Under review. “Delving into the Whimsical Charm of Tainan: A Linguistic Landscape Analysis of Humorous Street Signage That Goes Beyond Homophony”. Manuscript under review.
Hall, K. 2019. “Middle Class Timelines: Ethnic Humor and Sexual Modernity in Delhi”. Language in Society, 48(4): 491–517.
Ho, H.-H., P. Khng, & Ú.-G. Iûⁿ. 2018. Khòaⁿ Khan-Páng: Guǎnggào Zhāopái-de Táiyǔ Dàxuéwèn [Investigating Signboards: Taiwanese Hokkien in Advertising Signboards]. Taipei: Avanguard Publishing House.
Kałużyńska, I. 2018. “Substitution by Homophones in Chinese and Changes to Old Street Names in Beijing After 1949”. Onomastica: A Journal Devoted to Theory and Interpretation of Proper Names, 62: 273–280.
Koestler, A. 1964. The Act of Creation. London: Hutchinson.
Landry, R., & R. Y. Bourhis. 1997. “Linguistic Landscape and Ethnolinguistic Vitality: An Empirical Study”. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16(1): 23–49.
Liu, B. 2024. “Stance and Construction of Persona in Live-Streaming”. Media and Communication Research, 5(1): 187–196.
Liu, W.-L. (ed.). 2016. Táiwèizhì: Zānghuà [Tai-Way Magazine: Profanity], Vol. 2. Taipei: THAT iS CREATIVE & BRANDING.
Liu, Y., & M. Liu. 2024. “The Interactive Effect of Affectionate Nicknames and Streamer Type on Streamer Attitude in E-Commerce Live Streaming: The Mediating Role of Psychological Closeness”. Frontiers in Psychology, 15: 1498235.
Lu, Q. 2022. A Phonological Study on English Loanwords in Mandarin Chinese. Ph.D. dissertation. New South Wales: Western Sydney University.
Lu, Z. 1956. “Hànyǔ de Bìnglì Sìzìgé [Chinese Quadrisyllabic Expressions]”. Yǔyán Yánjiū [Studies in Language and Linguistics], 1: 45–82.
Mundorf, J., & G.-M. Chen. 2006. “Transculturation of Visual Signs: A Case Analysis of the Swastika”. Intercultural Communication Studies, 15(2): 33–47.
Pennycook, A. 2024. “The City”. In: The Bloomsbury Handbook of Linguistic Landscapes, eds. R. Blackwood, S. Tufi, & W. Amos. London / New York / Dublin: Bloomsbury Academic, 155–170.
Pinker, S. 2008. The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature. London: Penguin Books.
Rowlett, B. J. L., & C. Go. 2024. “‘The Amazingly Fabulous Tuk Tuk Race’: Mobility and Carnival Praxis in the Semiotic Landscape of Phnom Penh Pride”. Social Semiotics, 24(3): 430–448.
Rowlett, B. J. L., P. Saisuwan, C. Go, L.-C. Chen, & M. Hiramoto. 2025. Pride in Asia: Negotiating Ideologies, Localness, and Alternative Futures (Elements in Language, Gender and Sexuality). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shao, J. 2016. Xiàndài Hànyǔ Tōnglùn [A General Introduction to Modern Chinese Language]. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House.
Sloboda, M. 2024. “Multilingualism”. In: The Bloomsbury Handbook of Linguistic Landscapes, eds. R. Blackwood, S. Tufi, & W. Amos. London / New York / Dublin: Bloomsbury Academic, 317–333.
Spolsky, B. 2020. “Linguistic Landscape: The Semiotics of Public Signage”. Linguistic Landscape: An International Journal, 6(1): 2–15.
Su, H.-Y. 2008. “What Does It Mean to Be a Girl with Qizhi?: Refinement, Gender and Language Ideologies in Contemporary Taiwan”. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 12(3): 334–358.
Thaler, V. 2016. “Varieties of Wordplay”. In: Crossing Languages to Play with Words: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, eds. S. Knospe, A. Onysko, & M. Goth. Berlin: De Gruyter, 47–62.
Tusk, J. 2024. “A Polish Borough? The Linguistic Landscape of Ealing and Its Relationship with the Sense of Identity of Polish Immigrants”. Socjolingwistyka, 38: 159–174.
Yang, S. 2009. “Purely Linguistic Taboo/Good Luck Language and Its Impact on Behaviours in China”. RASK: International Journal of Language and Communication, 30: 83–110.
Ye, Z. 2013. “Understanding the Conceptual Basis of the ‘Old Friend’ Formula in Chinese Social Interaction and Foreign Diplomacy: A Cultural Script Approach”. Australian Journal of Linguistics, 33(3): 368–385.
Ye, Z. 2017. “The Semantics of Social Relation Nouns in Chinese”. In: The Semantics of Nouns, ed. Z. Ye. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 63–88.
Zhu, D. 1980. Xiàndài Hànyǔ Yǔfǎ Yánjiù [A Study of Modern Chinese Grammar]. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
Žalimas, D. 2015. “International and National Legal Assessment of Crimes Committed by the Communist Regimes: Lithuanian Case Study”. In: Transitional Criminal Justice in Post-Dictatorial and Post-Conflict Societies (Series on Transitional Justice), eds. A. Fijalkowski & R. Grosescu. Cambridge / Antwerp / London: Intersentia, 231–272.